How does a hydrogen train work?

Hydrogen trains use Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells to convert hydrogen into electricity, powering traction motors with only water vapour as direct emission.

India's first hydrogen train has begun running on the Jind-Sonipat route, operating with compressed hydrogen at high pressure.

The total environmental impact depends on hydrogen production: green hydrogen from renewable electrolysis yields low lifecycle emissions, while hydrogen from fossil fuels may still have a large carbon footprint.

Hydrogen trains can run on existing tracks without overhead wires, making them suitable for routes where electrification is not feasible.

Energy efficiency is lower than direct electric trains due to losses in hydrogen production, compression, storage, and onboard conversion.